iShares Edge MSCI Minimum Volatility Emerging Markets (XMM) tracks an index that is designed to provide a less-volatile exposure to emerging-markets equities relative to a market-cap-weighted index. Low-volatility strategies seek to exploit the observed phenomenon that portfolios with smaller price fluctuations tend to outperform portfolios with larger price fluctuations over the long term.
This strategy has had a good track record. During the trailing 15- and 10-year periods through March 2016, this fund's underlying index generated about 400 basis points of annualized outperformance versus the cap-weighted MSCI Emerging Markets Index, with significantly lower volatility. The minimum-volatility index's standard deviation of returns during the past decade was 19%, while the corresponding figure for the cap-weighted index was 24%. The minimum-volatility index has also seen less dramatic drawdowns. Following the 2008 financial crisis, while the MSCI Emerging Markets Index had a maximum drawdown of 59%, this fund's index fell by 49% during the same period. Likewise, in 2011, when this fund's index fell 6%, the cap-weighted index fell 18%. These relatively muted drawdowns explain much of the strategy's outperformance versus its cap-weighted parent index during the past five years. Investors should note, however, that while this fund will generally suffer less during bear markets, it will also tend to lag during bull markets.
Although XMM is a minimum-volatility strategy, it is still risky. Canadian investors in emerging markets are negatively affected when the Canadian dollar strengthens against emerging-markets currencies. XMM, like most funds that invest in international equities, does not hedge its foreign-currency exposure. During the past three years, declines in emerging-markets currencies, particularly the Brazilian real and the South African rand, have been a drag on this fund's performance.
Fundamental view
Historically, low-volatility stocks have outperformed high-volatility stocks over the long term. This "volatility anomaly" was first discovered in 1968 by financial economist Robert Haugen, who theorized that behavioural factors were behind this phenomenon. More specifically, investors tend to chase risky stocks, expecting these companies to deliver higher returns. This drives up the stock prices of riskier names, which ultimately results in weaker future returns relative to less-volatile names.
Thanks in part to the heterogeneity of the emerging-markets equity asset class, low-volatility strategies in emerging markets have historically resulted in a greater reduction in portfolio volatility relative to a cap-weighted index than in developed-market equities. In other words, there is more diversity (lower correlations) among emerging-markets equities, which allows for greater reduction in price fluctuations in an emerging-markets low-volatility portfolio.
This fund's index employs constraints to limit turnover and reduce exposure to less-liquid securities. Given that transaction costs tend to be higher in emerging markets, a low-volatility index without liquidity screens can be costly to replicate. The index also has country and sector caps; otherwise, this fund could see significant sector and/or country tilts. Over time, this fund's country and sector weightings can shift, but these changes tend to be gradual. Overall, we think this fund's index has incorporated appropriate screens to ensure its investability.
On a fundamental level, the tailwinds from a decade of strong gross domestic product growth and stellar equity market performance in emerging markets have faded. China is undergoing a transition from an investment-driven growth model to one more oriented toward consumer spending, and it is likely to face some growing pains in the medium term. Foreign fund flows have grown more volatile and have helped expose which countries have weaker fundamentals, resulting in higher currency and local stock market volatility. Almost all emerging-markets countries appear to be settling into a period of slower GDP growth in the near and medium term, but there are notable differences. By region, Asia appears to be a relative bright spot. Growth in 2016 is estimated at around 6%, as emerging Asia benefits from cheaper commodity imports and still-accommodative financial conditions. In contrast, Latin America saw its GDP contract in 2015 owing to weak commodity prices, and economies remain weak in 2016.
In the years leading up to the 2008 financial crisis, almost all of the individual emerging-markets countries exhibited very strong stock market performance. In these types of market environments, a minimum-volatility strategy (such as this fund) tends to underperform a market-cap-weighted strategy. On the other hand, when individual emerging markets exhibit very disparate returns, a minimum-volatility strategy tends to outperform a market-cap-weighted strategy.
Portfolio construction
The fund holds units of the U.S.-traded 
iShares MSCI Emerging Markets Minimum Volatility (EEMV), which employs full replication to track the MSCI Emerging Markets Minimum Volatility Index. The portfolio has 250 holdings selected from the MSCI Emerging Markets Index using a proprietary model as well as a number of constraints to limit turnover, ensure investability and maintain sector and country diversification. On average, the fund's turnover has been about 20% a year. The index's methodology is something of a black box, as data are not available regarding the estimated risk inputs used in the model. The portfolio, which is rebalanced twice a year in May and November, represents about 40% of the constituents of its parent index. That said, during the past decade, this minimum-volatility index has had a high correlation of 0.98 to its parent index. This index was launched in November 2009, so data prior to the initial calculation date reflect hypothetical historical performance.
Fees
This fund charges an annual expense ratio of 0.43%, composed of a management fee of 0.80% and a fee waiver of 0.37%. According to iShares, the fee waiver may be reduced or discontinued at any time without notice.
Alternatives
Another low-volatility option is PowerShares S&P Emerging Markets Low Volatility (ELV) (expense ratio 0.46%). Like XMM, ELV holds units of its U.S.-traded counterpart (EELV), a portfolio of 200 stocks from its parent index (S&P BMI Emerging Plus Large MidCap Index) that have exhibited the lowest volatility during the past year. Holdings are weighted by the inverse of their realized volatility and rebalanced quarterly. This methodology is different from that employed by XMM; as a result, the two funds tend to have fairly different portfolios. ELV was launched in Canada less than two years ago, but its U.S. version has significantly underperformed that of the iShares fund during the past three years, on a risk-adjusted basis.
