Investors are an optimistic bunch. Naturally, we think of a brighter future, where assets appreciate and compound our wealth. To think otherwise would give us little reason to invest.
Yet here’s a counterintuitive point: one of the best ways to build and maintain an investment portfolio is by thinking about the worst-case scenario.
Before you suggest that I’ve lost the plot, know that none other than Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett’s offsider, has my back on this point. Well, sort of.
Munger has famously guided his followers to "invert, always invert". By this he means that many problems can’t be solved by just thinking 'forwards’' or toward the next logical step. Often, you must think both backwards and forwards. Inversion forces you to uncover hidden beliefs about the problem that you are trying to solve.
Applying Munger’s thinking to my original point, it’s crucial to not only think about the best-case scenario for your investments. Considering the worst-case scenario compels you to carefully think about your portfolio, including:
1. Asset Allocation
Let’s say that you have a simple portfolio that's 80% equities and 20% bonds. And consider a worst-case scenario where the stock market falls 50% from current levels and your equities do likewise. That means your investment portfolio would suffer an overall loss of 40% (a 50% drop in equities multiplied by 0.8, the proportion of your portfolio in stocks).
Before you say that type of fall in stocks can’t happen, know that developed markets have regularly dropped by that amount, and more, throughout their history.
How would you react to a portfolio drop like this? A lot of investors would sell equities after large losses and put that money into defensive assets such as cash and bonds. That’s often the worst thing to do, as assets such as equities aren’t usually down for long.
If you can’t stomach a fall such as this, then it’s time to reconsider your asset allocation. Perhaps you can reduce the 80% invested in equities and put more into bonds and cash. Or you can consider allocating a portion to assets that aren’t as correlated to equites, such as alternative assets.
Preparing for a worst-case scenario is a good way to stress-test the asset allocation in your investment portfolio.
2. Investment Style or Strategy
One of the biggest mistakes I often see is investors don’t have portfolios that reflect their personalities and temperaments. For instance, you can have an investor with a conservative personality who has a portfolio 100% exposed to growth stocks.
Thinking through the worst-case scenario for your investments can help better match a portfolio with your personality.
Going back to our previous example, a conservative investor would normally struggle to handle a 40% fall in their portfolio, therefore it would make sense to dial back the equity exposure. Or if you’re a retiree who relies on the income from your portfolio, having a more yield-oriented asset mix would likely be a more palatable option.
3. Choosing Stocks
Let’s move from asset allocation to choosing stocks, where looking at different scenarios is just as important.
On this point, it’s no accident that some of the world’s best investors started out as gamblers. For instance, Ed Thorp was an academic turned amateur gambler, who invented card counting and wrote a famous book about it (Beat the Dealer) when he was 30. Later, he applied his mathematical prowess to investing, running a successful hedge fund for 19 years.
Jeff Hass was a professional gambler before cofounding the Susquehanna International Group, which has turned into one of Wall Street's most successful trading firms and made him the 48th richest person in the world.
Why do gamblers make good investors? It’s not only about the ability to take risk. It’s also about taking sensible risk, preferably where the odds are overwhelming in your favour. To do this requires scenario-based thinking, looking at both the best-case and worst-case scenarios, and everything in between. You can do this by looking at earnings multiples.
You can stress-test the earnings and multiple attached in all sorts of ways. In a worst-case scenario, you can look at an economic recession and how that could impact earnings. Maybe you forecast declining margins in this scenario and lighter revenue growth, resulting in earnings growth in the low-single digits. Now consider what that would do to your portfolio, and whether you would be comfortable with that outcome.
