U.S. ETFs in 2023: A Tale of Success and Failure

Exchange-traded funds are flourishing. In the U.S., they raked in US$598 billion in 2023, and asset managers kept expanding the ETF menu with about 520 new launches. However, behind this glossy success exists a graveyard of ETFs that didn’t make it through 2023. These closures serve as a reminder of the fierce competition among the 3,500 ETFs available to U.S. investors.

There are a few reasons why ETFs generally die. Low assets under management, high fees, poor performance, and short track records are closely associated with the probability of closure. In 2023, there were 244 ETF closures with an average age of 5.4 years and average assets under management of only US$54 million. They lost 4.8 percentage points on average over the trailing one year before liquidation—a poor showing indeed. This article will unpack the 2023 closures and draw out a few lessons for the ETF industry.

Closures By Morningstar Category

Source: Morningstar Direct. Data as of Dec. 31, 2023.

Commodity ETFs Closed

Led by Barclays’ liquidation of 23 exchange-traded notes under its iPath lineup—encompassing various commodities such as coffee, copper, and sugar—the commodities broad basket and commodities-focused Morningstar Categories combined for the highest number of closures at 30. These ETFs had ample time to gather assets, but they failed to do so. The typical ETF was 8.5 years old but had only US$25 million in AUM on average over the trailing 12 months before closure. Funds like Invesco DB Silver and Invesco DB Gold launched in 2007 but couldn’t amass sufficient assets.

The crowded large-blend and large-growth categories—with around 314 and 132 funds each—came in second and third place with 19 and 15 closures, respectively. Assets managers in these segments grapple with fiercer competition and lower fees, making success in those categories an uphill battle. Aggressive competition does not afford ETFs time to establish a track record. The closed ETFs in both categories were relatively young with around 2.0 and 2.4 years of performance history, respectively.

Intense competition pushes asset managers into more esoteric and innovative products in the hopes of finding success. For example, NightShares 500 ETF, which only launched at the end of June 2022, aimed to replicate the overnight performance of 500 large-cap U.S. companies, a time when markets are closed. To do this, it bought stocks at market close and sold them at the following open. Despite its unique approach, the ETF lost 6% over its lifetime and failed to gather significant assets before its closure in August 2023.

High-octane ETFs that make up the trading-leveraged equity category came in fourth place with 12 closures, marking the category’s second-highest year of liquidations since 2006. Catering to fleeting traders and risk-seekers, these ETFs had an average life expectancy of little more than one year. This is largely because of a surge in launches in 2021 and 2022 that surpassed the total launches from the previous five years combined. Many failed to gain traction, so it’s no surprise that the category saw one of its highest levels of annual closures in 2023.

Trading-Leveraged Equity Category Launches Over Time

Source: Morningstar Direct. Data as of Dec. 31, 2023.

Active ETFs took the industry by storm in 2023, reeling in around US$131 billion for the year, beating their record of US$90 billion set in 2022. While active ETFs are still a small portion of the overall ETF market, they represented a sizable portion of closures in 2023. Around 43% of all closures were active ETFs, reflecting a burgeoning yet highly competitive landscape. They face even greater competition in crowded segments like the large-cap space. All but six closures in the large-growth and large-blend categories were actively managed ETFs.

ETF providers, however, weren’t patient with these strategies to build a track record. Their average age was around 2.6 years. In contrast, the average age for passive ETFs closed in 2023 was 5.9 years.

Active ETFs Launches and Closures Over Time

Source: Morningstar Direct. Data as of Dec. 31, 2023.

Top Firms

Fund providers take different approaches to product development. Some are cautious about launching new ETFs, while others swiftly respond to market trends, hoping they can attract assets. Although the latter approach carries more risks, the allure of being a pioneer in an underserved segment remains enticing. Invesco’s closure of 29 ETFs across 20 different categories in 2023—the most among U.S. providers—is a testament to these risks. Unlike the trends highlighted here, Invesco’s ETFs weren’t cost-prohibitive, and the firm was patient in giving them time to gather assets. But an average fee of 0.33% and a life span of 7.3 years weren’t enough to overcome poor performance. These ETFs lost 5 percentage points on average and had an average AUM of US$150 million.

The liquidation of the Barclays iPath commodities lineup put it in the second spot at 23. These ETFs didn’t manage to gather assets.

Direxion Funds claimed the third spot with 12 closures. Direxion’s ETF closures were a microcosm of the challenges that come with niche product development. Out of the 12 closures, six were leveraged equity ETFs with an average age of little more than a year coinciding with the increased level of competition in leveraged ETFs in 2021 and 2022. Another three ETFs targeted narrow themes like breakfast commodities, such as coffee and orange juice, as well as nanotechnology and mRNA.

Closures by Firm

Source: Morningstar Direct. Data as of Dec. 31, 2023.

Lessons Learned

ETFs’ success in 2023 conceals an undeniable truth within the product development cycle: Not all strategies thrive. A rising tide won’t lift boats unable to float on their own. Some sink to the bottom before garnering enough interest to sustain themselves. But those closures provide valuable lessons.

Throwing products at the wall and praying that some stick is a risky and potentially costly approach, amplifying the likelihood of closure. But it’s not new. Invesco’s closure of 29 funds across 20 different categories stands as a testament to the perils of such an approach. Likewise, chasing niche markets with limited utility, like Direxion’s leveraged ETFs, can lead to a quick exit.